When you send a packet via tailscale0 it gets an IP header for 100.x.y.z, then it is encrypted and put into the payload of an outer IP+UDP packet to go out over the Internet. The outer UDP header will have source port 41641; we choose a fixed port for the benefit of sites which use strict outgoing rules to lock down to only specific source ports.
41641 is the default, but tailscaled takes a --port argument to choose a different port.